A Research Study On Observational Research - 796 Words

1. Observational research is the process of ANSWER- (a) Using the sense to collect data Observational research is a process of using all of the senses, particularly sight and hearing to collect data about a phenomenon of interest. It focuses on the behavior of people through their verbal comment or nonverbal expression, body movements and physical contact between two or more people. Although observational research is a preferred approach it is not always flexible and some behavior of interest is beyond the reach of the researcher, (pg. 173). 2. The goal of structured observation is usually ANSWER- (c )To find support for something or cast doubt on it Structured studies identify and develop measures of the specific behaviors of interest to the researcher prior to conducting a study and the approach uses quantitative methods usually in the form of an observational rating scale that records particular behaviors that are observed, (pg. 174). 3. What is a feature of most structured observational studies ANSWER -(c ) The researcher is strictly an observer In structure observation the evaluator or researcher is strictly an observer; there is no participatory or involvement in the observed activities to maintain objectivity, (pg. 177). The studies requires the researchers to have a concentrated view on their specific types of behavior and raters in observational studies need training to help them identify the behavior that are of focus of study because it might beShow MoreRelatedFormal Observations : An Observational Study Of Research1618 Words   |  7 Pages Formal observations is an observational study of research. There’s usually no need to ask questions which are obvious like â€Å"are you male or female?† Instead of asking questions the observer notes whether the participant is a man or woman. One difference between a normal survey and formal observation is that observers often watch a number of people at once and then assess the difference and similarities between the people. For example, Albert Bandura and the Bobo doll experiment, Albert banduraRead MoreThe Role Of Observation Of Psychological Research1508 Words   |  7 PagesOption B Discuss the role of observation in psychological research, drawing from examples from chapters 3, 6 and 8 of Investigating Psychology In order to evaluate the usefulness of observational studies in psychological research this assignment will first briefly explain the role of observation. It will proceed by drawing from an example of observational studies conducted by Bandura et al (1963) as cited in Oates (2014), in order to illuminate the value of observation. Additionally it willRead MoreThis Essay Will Evaluate The Use Of Observation As A Method1388 Words   |  6 Pagesobservation as a method of study within psychology. Initially, the essay will discuss the two traditional methods of investigation which are experimentation and observation, before undertaking a deeper examination of the observational method itself. It will then consider where the use of the observational method has proven successful, with supporting evidence of research in which it played a key role. In closing, the limitations of the observational method in psychological research will be considered togetherRead MoreThe Purpose Of This Essay Is To Evaluate The Use Of Observation1485 Words   |  6 Pagesevaluate the use of observation as a method of study within psychology. In order to undertake this evaluation the essay will initially discuss two traditional methods of investigation which are experimentation and observation. Furthermore, it will highlight differences between the two methods. In the second part of the essay, a deeper examination of the observational method itself will be undertaken. Here, examples of research in which the use of the observational method has proven successful will be consideredRead MoreQualitative Project : Observational Methods1360 Words   |  6 PagesQualitative Project: Observational Methods Outline 14.1: Introduction The choice to conduct observational research is based on the questions we want to answer. This form of research needs to be approached with the knowledge in mind that this type of psychological observation is inferential in nature. 14.2: What is observational research? Observational research can be both a standalone and an integrated research method. Observational studies can be conceptualized into four core dimensions: TheoryRead MoreSociological Research : Designs, Methods1058 Words   |  5 PagesSociological Research: Designs, Methods Sociologists use many different designs and methods to study society and social behavior. Most sociological research involves ethnography, or â€Å"field work† designed to depict the characteristics of a population as fully as possible. Three popular social research designs (models) are Cross†sectional, in which scientists study a number of individuals of different ages who have the same trait or characteristic of interest at a single time Longitudinal, in whichRead MoreEssay on Naturalistic Observation1165 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH Overview Observational research is type of correlational (i.e., nonexperimental) research in which a researcher observes ongoing behavior. There are a variety of types of observational research, each of which has both strengths and weaknesses. These types are organized below by the extent to which an experimenter intrudes upon or controls the environment. Naturalistic Observation Naturalistic observation, also known as nonparticipant observation, has no intervention byRead MoreThe Observational Coding Systems Developed For Mental Health1558 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen an increasing focus on improving the quality of mental health care provided to youths and their families (Kerig Lindahl, 2001). Many different observational coding systems are being implemented in school settings, as well as in clinical research, to naturalistically capture the specific behaviors within mental health services. Observational coding systems can vary in their content and methodology. The ultimate goal is to better understand how adults and parents can help children achieve developmentalRead MoreResearch Methods793 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Methods Jessica February 2012 What is the difference between direct and indirect observational methods of research? Direct observation is when researchers observe the behavior while it is occurring. Indirect (unobtrusive) observation is when researchers examine physical traces and archival records. (Zechmeister, Zechmeister, amp; Shaughnessy 2001) Direct observation of behavior can be seen in simply psychology: question and answer, as well as simple observation of a person’s dailyRead MoreThe Theory Of Observational Learning1484 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of observational learning is very complex. While some don’t believe it, some only live by it. The reason why I chose to talk about this type of learning in particular is because I use it myself in my everyday life. Observational learning is a new concept that schools should start trying to break the standard of basic learning. Observational learning keeps kids interested, but most importantly keeps them learning and making that knowledge imp act them for years to come. The problem with

Social Determinants Of Health Disparities - 1354 Words

Social determinants of health inequity reflect deeper social divisions, which generate multiple risks that are reproduced over time. Hierarchies of power must be critiqued through the lenses of class and race to make tangible the seemingly abstract connections between social and economic determinants and distribution of health inequity. Racism finds refuge in various forms of material exploitation; narrow interventions that fail to address the root causes that undermine the health and well-being of members of the community will ultimately fail.1 The treatment of Mexican immigrants with tuberculosis (TB) by health officials in Los Angeles from 1914 to 1940 is a telling story that made salient the insidious impact of poverty and race on health, and it provides an important lesson for public health officials. The discourse of Manifest Destiny, which justified U.S. expansionism during the Mexican-American war, portrayed white Americans as superior to Mexicans and rendered Mexicans largely invisible in American public health policy for most of the 1800s. The dominant belief was that due to their inferior constitutions, the Mexican presence in America would eventually die out. Furthermore, the barrioization process kept Mexicans spatially and symbolically segregated from the greater population in California.2 It was only in the early 1900s, as it became clear that the Mexican population had, in fact, not died out, but had instead increased due to the growing number ofShow MoreRelatedSocial Determinants Of Health And Health Disparities1724 Words   |  7 Pagespublic health analysis have increasingly focused on how social determinants of health influence health outcomes and disparities (Clarke, C. E., Niederdeppe, J., Lundell, H. C., 2012). They have also explored strategies for raising pub lic awareness and mobilizing support for policies to address social determinants of health, with particular attention to narrative and image-based information Clarke, C. E., Niederdeppe, J., Lundell, H. C., 2012). The relationship between the social determinants of healthRead MoreHealth Disparities And Health Care895 Words   |  4 Pagesethnic health needs, including culture norms, religious mandates, and health disparities. The health disparities refers to specific differences in disease incidence, health outcomes, quality of health care and access to health care services that exist across racial and ethnic groups (Mandal, 2014). Disparities may result from inadequate access to care, poor quality of care, cultural issues and social determinants. Health Policy Issues Disparity Despite improvements, differences persist in health careRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Relationships On Mental Health1485 Words   |  6 Pagesnature, social relationships can influence behavioral health, psychological health, physical health, and mortality in a myriad of ways (Umberson and Montez, 2010). In general, healthy and high-quality social relationships are those characterized by support and mutual respect; whereas unhealthy and low-quality social relationships are those deemed toxic through stress and disrespect. High-quality social relationships, wherein people experience camaraderie and happiness, yield substantial health benefitsRead MoreHealth Disparities Among African Americans893 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican-American men lack appropriate necessities when it comes to health care. Continuous efforts to bridge the gap among African American men with prostate cancer still remains high in the United States. Evidence shows how disproportionate this ethnic population leads in both incidence and mortality rate concerning social determinants of health, as well as health disparities. Major key factors that contribute to this health disparity among African Americans men are low socioeconomic status (SES) andRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Infant Mortality And Birth Outcomes725 Words   |  3 Pagespeople work, play, grow, live that affect wide range of health and quality of life. The determinants like socio-economic status, race, ethnicity, social capital, behavioral factors (e.g., tobacco use, maternal smoking), biological and psychosocial factors (e.g., family and peer social support) which greatly affects the inequalities among minorities in infant mortality and birth outcomes (Kim, 2013). In order to understand the social determinants impacting infant mortality and birth outcomes, it isRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1458 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as the social determinants of health; the central claim arising from this research is that â€Å"various social factors have a strong influence on population health and on inequalities in health outcomes across social groups†. (Preda Voigt, 2015) Social determinants of health are conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks. Conditions such as social, economicRead MoreHealth Disparities And Health Care For Minorities917 Words   |  4 Pageshttp://health.usnews .com/health-news/patient-advice/articles/2016-02-11/racial-bias-in-medicine-leads-to-worse-care-for-minorities. In this article, the experience of a medical doctor is used to shed light on the subject of racial bias/ discrimination in health care and how it is affecting health outcome of racial and ethnic minority. â€Å"Race or ethnic group is a major social factor that influences health in the U.S Braveman 387. Health inequity is at the center stage of public health discussion. UnderstandingRead MoreHealth Status Of Minority Group Essay623 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿The future health of the nation will be determined to a large extent by how effectively we work with communities to reduce and eliminate health disparities between non-minority and minority populations experiencing disproportionate burdens of disease, disability, and premature death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~  Guiding Principle for Improving Minority Health Health Status of Minority Group Medical advances and new technologies have provided people in America with the potential for longerRead MoreHealth Disparities And Health Care1015 Words   |  5 PagesHealth disparities are present in our health care system. Whether it be racial, educational, or environmental, these disparities exist and are detrimental to health care outcomes. While there have been recent advancements in how to eliminate or reduce these disparities, there is still a major inequity in health care for all individuals. This paper will include definitions of health equity and health inequity, steps to reduce health inequity, and two important decisions used to decrease in healthRead MoreThe Social Determinants of Health: How Where We Live, Learn, Work and Play Impacts the Health of Americans1238 Words   |  5 Pagessome countries – but less than 45 years if she is born in others† (Commission on Social Determinants of Health [CSDH], 2008, p. iii). This startling statistic is found in the introduction to the report by the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) on the impact of certain inequities on people’s health throughout the world. These inequities, referred to as the social determinants of health (SDOH), are the social and economic conditions in the environment in which people are born, live, work

E2020 Course Work Free Essays

Assignment 10: Promotion and Advertising In Section 10, you learned about promotion and advertising of a business. Now, you’ll apply what you learned to your company idea. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on E2020 Course Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now Will your company use advertising as a promotional strategy? If so, which types of advertising will you use? If not, why not? We will use advertisement. We will use word of mouth and a good community. 2. Will your company use public relations as a promotional strategy? If so, describe at least two ways you will communicate with the public. 2-6 sentences. 2. 0 points) Yes we will use public relations as a promotional. We will give promotional items and gear out ot popular internet personas. Also we would do AMAs on Reddit. com 3. Describe at least two things your company could do in order to try to get publicity. TIP: If this includes press releases, describe what the release or releases would be about. (2-4 sentences. 2. 0 points) We would hold live streams answering questions and talking with fans. Get a article in Gameinformer. 4. Choose a type of advertisement (newspaper, magazine, outdoor, radio, Internet, and so on) to research, and then answer the following questions. a. Find the Web site for a company that sells this type of advertisement (such as newspaper, magazine, outdoor, radio, Internet, or another type of ad). What is this company’s name? (0. 5 points) Google adwords. b. Describe at least one type of advertisement you can purchase from this company, including any details about the size, length, color, or other features of the advertisement. (2-6 sentences. . 0 points) You can buy online advertisement. You can do a couple of sentences. It is pay per click. c. How much does this type of advertisement cost? (1-2 sentences. 1. 0 points) It will cost around 16 cents per click d. Do you think this type of advertisement would be effective for your company? Why or why not? (2-5 sentences. 2. 0 points) No I don’t. The amount of people who actually clicks it would be low and the amount who buy are lower. 5. Choose a different type of advertisement to research, and then answer the following questions. . Find the Web site for a company that sells this type of advertisement (such as newspaper, magazine, outdoor, radio, Internet, or another type of ad). What is this company’s name? (0. 5 points) Yuma sun b. Describe at least one type of advertisement you can purchase from this company, including any details about the size, length, color, or other features of the advertisement. (2-6 sentences. 2. 0 points) They have newspaper ads and you get photos and words c. How much does this type of advertisement cost? 1-2 sentences. 1. 0 points) it cost 22 dollars. d. Do you think this type of advertisement would be effective for your company? Why or why not? (2-5 sentences. 2. 0 points) Yes a lot of people like to support local efforts. 6. Describe at least 2 features of your product or service. (2-4 sentences. 2. 0 points) We create fun and immersive games. Inexpensive and high quality. 7. Describe at least 2 benefits of your product or service. (2-4 sentences. 2. 0 points) It will allow you to spend hours in one game. How to cite E2020 Course Work, Essay examples

Water Pollution in the Jamaican Society Essay Example

Water Pollution in the Jamaican Society Paper One hundred and fifty years ago, the monster began, this country had become a place of industry. Factories grew on the landscape like weeds. Trees fell, fields were up-ended, rivers blackened. The sky choked on smoke and ash, and the people did, too, spending their days coughing and itching, their eyes turned forever toward the ground. Villages grew into town, towns into cities. And people began to live on the earth rather than within it. Patrick News, A Monster Calls The theme chosen is socio economic issues; these are problems involving the economy and the social lives of citizens, the topic that was derived from this theme was Water Pollution in the Jamaican Society. The purpose of this theme is to make the researcher become more aware of the socio economic issues facing her community and moreover widen her knowledge on these issues. The theme relates to the researchers academic interest where as she intends to pursue a career in socioeconomics. She aims to bring about socioeconomic development and the overall quality f life in her society and also make others become more aware of the problems that the community and also their country are facing. Did you know nearly 1. 5 billion people lack safe drinking water? Did you also know that it is estimated that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases? With over 70% of the planet covered by oceans people have long acted as if bodies of water are limitless grounds for wastes. Raw sewage, garbage and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of the oceans and most coastal waters are now polluted. Water s needed by everyone for different uses; however water is a limited natural resource which is replenished at a certain rate. Simply put, if the rate of use exceeds the rate of natural replenishment then there will be less water for everyone until there is no water for everyone. Water is a fundamental survival need of mankind. In fact, denying people access to water is tantamount to denying them a basic human right. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution in the Jamaican Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution in the Jamaican Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution in the Jamaican Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Still, about one billion people around the world do not have access to safe drinking water. In developing countries, especially in small island states such as Jamaica, water assumes great importance in sustainable development. Water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. Without water life on Earth would be non-existent as it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper. Even though humans are aware of this fact we ignore it by polluting our rivers, lakes and oceans. As a result are harming our planet and ourselves. This essay examines issues relating to sources and effects of pollution, prevention and further destruction in the Caribbean island of Jamaica. There are two types of water pollutants, point sources and nonprofit resources. Point sources of pollution occur when harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water. Point sources include pipelines, channels and drains from identifiable locations such as an industrial plant and landfills. A nonprofit source delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes. Agricultural and urban runoff and airborne particulates are examples of nonprofit sources, and their entry points to receiving waters are often difficult to identify. Diffuse or nonprofit pollution sources are significant due to their far reaching geographical and temporal effects and the difficulty to contain them once they are in the water systems. According to National Environment and Planning Agency (NEAP) Jamaican major environmental problems involve water quality and waste disposal. Did you know that 77% of Jamaican renewable water resources are used for agriculture and 7% is used for industrial purposes? Principal environmental issues facing Jamaican second largest industry are caustic soda contamination of water supplies, bauxite and alumina dust, and CEO-system dislocation. However, the island is so dependent on the export that it is very fisticuff to stop the practice. Being a limited resource in Jamaica, some day it will. But until then Jamaica needs to find mining techniques that are less harmful to the environment. The major environmental problem caused by the industry is the disposal of the tailings, which forms an alkaline mud. The original procedure that was used to dispose of the red mud to pump material into mined-out ore bodies and Dyke valleys, however, these red mud lakes resulted in the percolation of caustic residues (sodium) into the underground aquifers in local areas. Recent readings obtained from domestic water wells in he vicinity of Jamaican alumina refineries have indicated elevated sodium and PH readings. Also, the escape of caustic soda (which is used to extract alumina from raw bauxite) into the groundwater supply significantly increases sodium concentration of domestic well water mostly in the rural areas. Sodium is associated with a higher incidence of hypertension. As a result of its genetic composition, the Jamaican population is particularly subject to hypertension, which can be aggravated by high levels of sodium. On July 15, 201 2, 62,500 gallons or 250,000 liters of untreated trade effluent was purportedly released into the Pleasant Farm Gully, which leads to the ROI Cobber. It caused the pollution of the river and forced the National Irrigation Commission to shut down operations there, and the National Water Commission to shut down its intake from the river into the Spanish Town treatment plant The National Environment and Planning Agency (NEAP) took the first Step toward legal action against the West Indies Alumina Company (Windfall), which it blames for the fish kill at the ROI Cobber in SST Catherine. The alleged breach under the Wildlife Protection Act and the Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act. , NEAP revealed, concerned the discharge of trade effluent into the environment without the requisite license, while the reported breach under the Wildlife Protection Act had to do with allowing a toxic substance into a water body that contains fish. The preliminary water sample test results were showing that the ROI Cobber had a pH level of 1 1. 2 on August 30 when the fish kill was detected. Our results were 11. 2, which is very close to 14. That level was very alkaline and resulted in the fish kill, NEAP told the Sunday Observer. They added that the presence of sodium hydroxide, an alkaline sodium compound used by bauxite companies in their operations, had likely caused the waters alkalinity. The National Environment and Planning Agency (NEAP), has served an Enforcement Notice on the National Water Commission (NC) for the alleged discharge of improperly treated trade effluent from a sewer main on North Street, Kingston. The sewer main empties into a gully that discharges into the Kingston Harbor. The discharge of improperly treated trade effluent into the environment poses a serious threat to the health of persons in immunities in the vicinity, as well as to the natural resources within the Kingston Harbor, said a statement from NEAP For non-point pollution in particular, prevention is the most effective measure. Harmful production, consumption and disposal practices need to be monitored, controlled, and where possible prohibited, to prevent hazardous substances from reaching water bodies and impacting human and ecosystem health. Destruction is a mans will, nevertheless prevention is also a mans will, its a mans choice to choose between destruction and prevention. Pollution is an everyday thing, e all do it, we see friends, family and strangers do it, we know it is wrong so why do we further the destruction of our island? We are not just killing the small fishes in the sea, or making our beaches look unpleasant but making our small home unfit for our living. It has been written that the meek shall inherit the earth. What has not been written is that they shall inherit it after the greedy and the selfish have already polluted the air, fouled the water and poisoned the food chain. The actual moral of the parable is stand up for yourself, for our planet and for all who dwell here.

Iodine Essays - Thyroid Disease, Thyroid, Iodine Deficiency, Iodine

Iodine Essays - Thyroid Disease, Thyroid, Iodine Deficiency, Iodine Iodine Iodine is an essential macromineral. Almost half the iodine is found in the thyroid gland which is located in the throat. Iodine is an important component of thyroid hormones, which control energy, metabolism in the body as well as the bodys temperature, reproduction, and growth. It is not found in the body so it is very important that you get about .15 mg. daily. Some foods such as vegetables, grains, table salt, dairy products, and especially seafood are the best sources of iodine. Breathing in sea air everyday will give you a sufficient amount of iodine to prevent a disease called goiter. There are two types of goiter: toxic and simple. Toxic goiter is caused by excess of thyroxin secretion. Symptoms may include rapid heart beat, tremor, increased sweating, increased appetite, weight loss, weakness, and fatigue. Other symptoms may include eye problems such as staring or protrusion. Goiter affects over 200 million people throughout the world. 96% is caused by iodine deficiency. Goiters are rare in the U.S. and other industrialized countries because iodine is now added to table salt. Iodine affects body functions too. Hair and nail growth are affected by iodine. The brain, skin, speech, teeth, energy production, metabolism, and physical & mental health development are dependent on a well-functioning thyroid gland. Deficiency symptoms include dry hair, goiter, intellectual disability, paused growth, irritability, nervousness, and obesity. If a pregnant woman takes iodine during pregnancy, the development of goiter will be decreased for both the mother and the child. Iodine is the most efficient treatment for children who have goiter. Iodine does have a down side to it, too. It is not toxic up to 2,000 mcg daily, but it may cause acne. Too much iodine is can link to thyroid cancer. Some people are sensitive to iodine and may break out in a rash if their iodine intake is excessive. The rash looks like a lot like acne. It disappears when the iodine intake is reduced. Most of the illnesses related to iodine occur on all continents and to people of all ages. People who mostly avoid dairy, seafood, processed food, and iodized salt can become deficient. Iodine deficiency can cause low thyroid function, goiter, cretinism. Some people who are overweight mistakenly blame their overweight condition on an under active thyroid gland. In the hopes of speeding up their metabolism, they may start taking a supplement or eating sea salt or seaweed. But in very large amounts, iodine can be poisonous. Iodine is used to treat cuts and scrapes on the skin. The human thyroid gland secretes an iodine-bearing hormone called thyroxin. The body needs iodine as an iodine deficiency causes thyroid trouble. Most table salt is now iodized to supplement the diet. As well, iodine is found in seafood. Iodine is only needed in trace amounts. A good source of this mineral is kelp. Iodine helps to metabolize excess fat and it is very important for both mental and physical health. Iodine deficiency in children can cause mental retardation. In adults iodine deficiency is related to fatigue, breast cancer, hypothyroidism or cretinism, and weight disorders. Chronic iodine toxicity results when the iodide intake is 20 times greater than the daily requirement. In some areas, particularly Japan, inhabitants consume as much as 50 to 80 mg a day, resulting in high plasma levels. Some of these people develop goiters. Increased uptake of iodine by the thyroid may lead to inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis and eventually causes iodide goiter or myxedema. At very high doses of iodide, a brassy taste, increased salivation, gastric irritation, and skin acne may occur. Iodine is the important component of thyroxine, the thyroid gland's hormone. If there is not enough iodine in the diet, there is insufficient thyroxine, and the pituitary gland responds by releasing more thyroid-stimulating hormone. This causes enlargement of the thyroid gland. However, a goiter may also be caused by overactivity of the pituitary gland or by overactivity of the thyroid gland itself. Other causes include reduced activity of the thyroid gland, so that the gland swells in order to produce more thyroxine. Some types of drugs can produce a goiter. During adolescence or pregnancy, a goiter may appear as the thyroid gland copes with the body's need for more thyroxine. Sometimes a goiter is caused by a tumor on the thyroid gland. Bibliography www.juno.com

The Top Prep Books for ACT English

The Top Prep Books for ACT English SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve decided to use a book to study for ACT English, but do you know which books out there will actually help you reach your goals? In this article, I will give you an overview of the best ACT English prep books on the market today, and which ones you should choose depending on what score you're aiming for. These books can be found at bookstores, the library, or online. Focus on using these books with high quality practice and review, and you'll be sure to improve your English score. Who Should Use These Books? Books are a great way to study – but only if you are a certain kind of student. Before you start studying or buying anything, you should take some time to consider how you study best. Can you track your own progress and understand where you've made mistakes?Can you keep yourself motivated to study a certain amount every week? Ordo you tend to need reminders for study sessions and want answers explained in different ways? In order to make good progress studying from a book, you need to be serious about your prep and be able to motivate yourself. You will need to be able to understand brief explanations and be willing to put in the effort to find answers on your own to fill in any knowledge gaps. You'll also need to make a serious time investment. Remember that just buying a book isn't enough – you actually have to use it! Most students will need at least ten hours of prep on just ACT English to fully master this portion of the test. So if you're looking to invest a good deal of time and want to make a significant improvement in your ACT English score, read on to see which books can help you! Foundational Books There are two books that all students should have before taking the ACT. I call these books â€Å"foundational† because they're the best books on the market for practice questions and ACT strategy. However, neither of these books is sufficient on its own for ACT English prep, which I will explain in more detail below. You should combine these two books with at least one of the other books listed, depending on what kind of score you're aiming for. The Real ACT Prep Guide from the makers of the ACT Price: $11.99 on Amazon It’s very important that when you study, you're using real questions that have actually appeared on the ACT. Why? Many test prep companies have people who don’t really understand the test writing their practice questions. There's a good chance that if you only study questions written by prep companies, you won't be seeing questions that test grammar the same way that the ACT does. Furthermore, many test prep books will only give you isolated grammar questions. To get the real ACT English experience, you should be working with passage-based questions. This book provides those in abundance. The Real ACT Prep Guide provides you with 5 full-length practice tests with answer explanations. For the English section, that’s 375 multiple choice questions to practice with. Additionally, many of the books I'll mention below make references to the questions in this book as examples. However, this is not a complete prep book on its own. This book is not the best at explaining concepts or strategy, which is why you should pair it with one of the books listed below. After all, the makers of the ACT don’t want to give away all their secrets, or the test would simply become too easy! ACT Prep Black Book by Mike Barrett. Price:$19.79on Amazon. This book is critically important because it teaches you how to think about the ACT. The Black Book takes apart the exam on a fundamental level to teach strategy. It teaches students that they can always figure out the answer without guessing. Importantly, it emphasizes that ACT English is a standardized test, and asks the same kinds of questions about the same grammar concepts over and over again. Instead of teaching tricks, this book teaches students how to think like the makers of the ACT so that they can effectively attack each question. For the English section, this book gives good explanations for questions from The Real ACT Prep Guide and also includes a useful grammar appendix that explains basic concepts found on the test. Unfortunately, this book is also not a complete guide on its own. First of all, the Black Book must be used alongside The Real ACT Prep Guide because it has no practice questions of its own. Also, many students will need more detailed grammar instruction. While this book is great for strategy, you will need to pair it with both Prep Guide and one of the books below for the full prep experience. So what books should you use to learnall the detailed grammar you need to master ACT English? That depends on what kind of score you're hoping to get. The Best ACT English Books for High Scorers (29 - 36) The Complete Guide to ACT English by Erica Meltzer Price:$22.00 atAmazon. Meltzer is great at explaining grammar, and in this book she goes into detail on each concept that appears on ACT English. She starts at the beginning by explaining parts of speech and builds from there, so it’s good even for students who need to review the basics before mastering the complex ideas. There are a lot of things that I like about this book and that make it a great pick. Meltzer teaches grammar from the beginning. This guide is extremely comprehensive. Have you forgotten the grammar you learned in English class last year? How about what you learned in 8th grade? With Meltzer, this isn’t a problem. She holds your hand through the most basic concepts if you need it, and progresses logically through every grammar concept that you will need to know for ACT English. After introducing each grammar rule, she also gives good example sentences, in which she shows both the correct and incorrect ways to use the grammar rule. This is very helpful for students because it shows how common mistakes can be corrected. The practice exercises are varied and useful. At the end of every lesson, Meltzer gives ample practice â€Å"drills† to just test one or two concepts. I like these because she does them in the style of short passages, which makes them very similar to the questions that you will actually see on the ACT. These are followed every few lessons by combined drill passages. Therefore, she covers all the bases: you get to practice each concept individually to test comprehension, but also get a lot of practice testing multiple grammar concepts at once, which will help you learn to recognize different grammar concepts out of context. This skill is vital for doing well on ACT English. The end of the book has two very well-written tests with longer passages that are very similar to the passages that you'll see on the ACT. These are great extra practice you can use in addition to the tests inThe Real ACT Prep Guide. Meltzer also givesdetailed explanations for the answers to each of the questionsonthese tests. It gives useful extra study tools. Meltzer doesn’t just stop at teaching grammar. She also gives great tricks and strategies for approaching questions, and teaches students the easiest ways to find answers. For example, she points out that the answer choices will often give away a question about subject-verb agreement. Finally, the book includes an extremely useful appendix, which breaks down the questions in The Real ACT Prep Guide by grammar concept. This is a great resource for students, who can use this as a guide for understanding what kinds of questions they are missing on the practice tests. Also, if you need extra practice on a certain grammar concept, you can use this appendix to easily find practice questions in the official tests. Though this is a great and very thorough book, there are some ways that it could be improved. First of all, at over $20, this book is going to be expensive for many students, especially considering that it only covers one section of the ACT. Meltzer’s writing is very thorough, but it is also very dense and it could be difficult – or downright boring – for many students to read. This book is definitely aimed at high scorers. Those who only need or want a mid-range score will probably find this book too detailed and may have problems figuring out what is most important to learn. Barron’s ACT 36: Aiming for the Perfect Score by Alexander Spare et al. Price:$3.99 onAmazon. This book actually covers all sections of the ACT, but it really shines in the advice it gives for ACT English. ACT 36 assumes that you are already a high-achieving test taker and that you're shooting for a perfect score. To that end, it focuses on reviewing concepts and strategies that will help students attack the most difficult questions on ACT English. This book takes a very different approach to Meltzer’s guide, but there is still a lot that I like about it. It doesn't waste time teaching what you already know. First, it gets straight to the point about what strategies are most useful to achieve a high score. The test-taking advice is great for students who have already pretty much mastered the grammar, and need to refine their strategy to get a great score. While this book does teach some grammar concepts, it doesn’t do so in the comprehensive – and at times exhausting – way that Meltzer does. ACT 36onlydiscusses the difficult grammar points that students struggle with the most, such as diction errors and prepositional idioms. It also highlights important strategic tips on how to recognize different types of questions and how to approach the test, including talking about what kinds of questions you will never see. It's easy to read. Unlike Meltzer’s book, ACT 36 is written in a style that most students will find engaging and to-the-point. The practice questions prepare you for the toughest test questions. Finally, many students like this book because the practice tests are designed to be more challenging than those you will find on the real ACT (all the questions have detailed answer explanations). The practice tests just focus on the most difficult question types, whereas the normal ACT has questions that range in difficulty. If you get the book with the CD, you’ll get an additional full-length test that’s quite similar in difficulty levels of the ACT to practice with, as well as additional high-difficulty practice questions. Once again, this can be a great benefit to students who want a perfect score and only need to practice the most difficult question types the ACT has because they have already mastered everything else. Keep in mind, though, that this book will not be for everyone. One problem this book has that could create a big issue for some students is it frequently encourages students to â€Å"use their ear† to see if something is correct or incorrect. In general, this is very bad advice on ACT English, because most students have poorly-trained ears for grammar. ACT 36 is assuming that you already have a very solid foundation in grammar. Going along with this, there is very little coverage of the most frequently-tested concepts on ACT English. Because the most common grammar concepts are relatively simple ones, this book assumes you will have already mastered them. If you need help with the basics, this would be a very poor choice. As mentioned above, the practice questions you will see will on the whole will be more difficult than what appears on the ACT. This is good for some students who only need to practice difficult questions, but it can be very bad for other students who are trying to get a general idea of what ACT English is like. This book presents a very skewed view of the question difficulty and content. In conclusion, you should only use this book to refine your knowledge of difficult grammar concepts, not as a general guide to ACT English. Best ACT English Book for Mid-range Scorers (16 - 28) Barron’s ACT English, Reading, and Writing Workbook by Linda Carnevale Price:$11.78 on Amazon This book is good value because it covers both the English and Reading sections of the test, and also gives good tips for the optional Writing test. There are several reasons I think this is a solid choice for students who want a mid-range score. A well-written diagnostic test prepares you for study. First, it starts with a diagnostic test. You can easily create a diagnostic test on your own, but this one has pretty good questions with explanations for every answer. Using it will save you some time and will help you understand what kind of questions you are struggling with. It explains the structure of the test. Barron’s gives a good overview of the ACT English test, including how it is structured and formatted, and gives tips on pacing your timing per question and how to practice. This will be very helpful for students who are less familiar with the test and need a good overview before they begin to master the details of the grammar. It clearly teaches the grammar and concepts that you need to know. This book also gives concise explanations of the most commonly-tested grammar and punctuation concepts that will appear on ACT English. This should cover everything that you need to know for a mid-range score. Because it doesn’t focus on the more obscure and complex subjects, students will be able to focus in on the ideas they are most likely to see over and over. It also includes a great list of concepts that you will not be tested on. While other test prep books include this, many don’t do it as clearly. This is great for students to limit their studying to just the concepts that matter. Each grammar concept is drilled individually first, and then they are tested together with a complete English practice test. As with the Meltzer book, this means that you can see how your comprehension of individual concepts is, and then can test your ability to spot different grammar errors in the full test. Finally, in addition to the grammar concepts, it has a good section on how to interpret author tone and mood. But this book is not ideal for many test takers. Here is why: You should have at least a basic understanding of grammar before using this book. It doesn’t go into a lot of background detail on things like parts of speech, so if you’re lacking fundamental grammar knowledge, you may want to work on that before using this book. There are not a lot of practice questions, so you should use this grammar guide in conjunction with The Real ACT Prep Guide in order to get the best results. This would be a bad choice for students who are aiming for a high score because it does not cover complex grammatical concepts. So only use this if you are aiming for something mid-range, or you may end up being disappointed. Best ACT English Books for Low Scorers (15 and below) If you're getting a very low score on ACT English, it may be because you're a non-native speaker of English, or are otherwise missing a fundamental understanding of how English grammar works. It’s important to understand the basics of grammar before moving on to study the specific grammar concepts that are covered in ACT English. I recommend using a book that is not specifically aimed at the ACT to give you this kind of basic knowledge. English Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy Price:$23.20 on Amazon This book gives considerable attention to different verb tenses and their uses and special constructions. It also includes lessons on trickier subjects such as â€Å"may† vs. â€Å"might," idiomatic preposition use, relative clauses, and participles. Each illustrated one-page lesson is written in easy-to-understand English, and is followed by a page of exercises. This book is praised by students who are learning English as a second language, but would be great for any student who struggles with basics such as exactly when to use which tense. Easy Grammar Plus by Wanda C. Philips Price:$26.99 onAmazon This book gives a thorough overview of the parts of speech and how sentences should be structured. Where it really stands out is the extensive amount of practice exercises that are given for each concept (several pages for each). The book is written with a 4th grade vocabulary, but covers complex grammatical concepts, so it is ideal for people who find the wording of other grammar books to be difficult to understand. How to Use These Books Mid-range and high scorers should start out by reading the Introduction and English sections in the Black Book. (You don’t have to read through the answer explanations, though – save those for later!) This book is great for getting you in the mindset for taking a standardized test, and will also specifically teach you a lot of the tricks and logic behind the design of the ACT. After you've started to build your test-taking strategy, move on to take a diagnostic test. You can either take one in the prep book you have chosen (if it includes one) or you can create your own. To do this, take a practice English test from The Real ACT Prep Guide. Score your test, and make a note of every question you either got wrong or had to guess for. When you go through the answers, mark down what kind of question it was and what grammar concept it was testing. You can use the answer key or Meltzer’s book for this. Focus your studying around the concepts that you missed in your practice test. Use your chosen prep book(s) to beef up your grammar knowledge where you need it most. Also take some time to go over the concepts you feel comfortable with to see if you can improve on them any further or if there are any test-taking tips or strategies you hadn’t thought of before. While it’s never a good idea to rush, you want to feel as comfortable as possible with the easy material so that you can save time for the more difficult questions. Keep in mind that ACT English has 75 questions in 45 minutes, and many students struggle with timing! Keep taking practice tests in The Real ACT Prep Guide to check how you're improving. If you're a low-range scorer, start studying a long time in advance (at least 6 months). Ideally, you should cover the material in the foundational books and then move on to one of the other books that focuses specifically on the ACT. Once you've given yourself time to get the basics down, follow the steps above. What’s Next? If you're not sure that book studying is for you, check out our test prep program. PrepScholar starts with a diagnostic test and then helps you focus your studying on what you need the most work on. Also check out our free resources to start prepping for the test. Start with our complete guide to ACT English, which will point you to articles onevery grammar concept you will find on ACT Englishas well as general strategies for each section. Aiming high? Look at these 9 strategies to score a 36 on ACT English, written by a perfect scorer. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

How might ttemperature differ between urban & rural areas Essay

How might ttemperature differ between urban & rural areas - Essay Example faces such as pavement store heat from the Sun during the day, which is then released at night, keeping cities hotter for longer periods of time† (Gillette & Hamilton, 2011, p. 74). Which setting tends to be warmer on a given day and why? On a given day, therefore, it could be warmer in rural areas because heat is immediately reflected back in the form of energy; as compared to urban areas which absorb heat during daytime, but releases the heat at night. Also, are there any factors other than albedo that might affect the temperature differences between the two settings? Aside from albedo, other factors that affect the temperature differences between urban and rural settings are: â€Å"weather conditions, urban thermophysical and geometrical characteristics, and anthropogenic moisture and heat sources present in the area† (Taha, 1997, p. 99). The findings from the author revealed that the capacities of urban areas to address albedo through effectively harnessing albedo of roofing in homes and buildings, as well as in paving materials, in conjunction with efforts to plant trees enable urban areas to reverse the immense heat and could therefore have greater potentials to affect and reverse temperatures in their